CDISC-Gloss – Retrospective study in which individuals with an outcome (cases) are compared with those who do not have the outcome (controls). The outcome variable (disease, event, experience, biomarker) is chosen first, and the exposure (e.g., treatment) is evaluated in cases vs controls to see whether there is an association between exposure and outcome. [After AMA Manual of Style] See also outcome, observational study, exposure.